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Cognitive Emotions Facial reactions Language Perception Self-prioritization effect SNARC Social

  • Users may more clearly perceive the numbers associated with themselves

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    In a study conducted in 2023, researchers investigated how individuals process stimuli associated with themselves versus strangers, particularly focusing on number symbols. In the primary task, 123 participants had to recognize numbers that was initially assigned to themselves or to strangers. The analytical approach involved comparing mean reaction times for different associations. Confounders like age and vision were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that numbers that was initially assigned to the self would be more quickly recognized, was supported by the results with a large (p. 1524) effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    It is likely that numbers somehow associated with a user will be more salient for that user.

    Keil, J., Barutchu, A., Desebrock, C., & Spence, C. (2023). More of me: Self-prioritization of numeric stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 49(12), 1518–1533. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001165

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  • Users may better perceive shapes that are associated with themselves

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    In a study conducted in 2012, researchers investigated the way individuals perceive and recognize shapes associated with themselves, others, or neutral words.. In the primary task, 18 participants had to label different shapes as themselves, or a friend or a stranger, and later recognize if shapes and labels were correctly displayed. The analytical approach involved comparing mean reaction times for each matching judgement with ANOVAs. Confounders like right-handed and vision were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that shape recognition would be faster with prior self-association (experiment 1), was supported by the results with a large (p. 1107) effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    It is likely that using a specific shape as visual coding to represent the user will enhance the perception of that shape.

    Sui, J., He, X., & Humphreys, G. W. (2012). Perceptual effects of social salience: Evidence from self-prioritization effects on perceptual matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(5), 1105–1117. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029792

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  • Users may more easily perceive positive words when they are at the top of the screen and vice versa

    In a study conducted in 2012, researchers investigated how having positive words presented at the top of a screen and negative words presented at the bottom can change the way our brains work to understand things. In the primary task, 68 participants had to categorize words as positive or negative, as quickly as possible, when words would appear at the top or the bottom of a screen. The analytical approach involved comparing categorization times in regards of word positions (authors refer to a “General Linear Model”). Confounders like word length, or number of syllables were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that the speed of categorization of words would depend of their position on the screen (experiment 1), was supported by the results with a large (p. 18) effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    Users might process information faster if positive words are placed higher on the screen and negative words lower. Keep in mind that negative words may be harder to process for end users.

    Lakens, D. (2012). Polarity correspondence in metaphor congruency effects: Structural overlap predicts categorization times for bipolar concepts presented in vertical space. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(3), 726–736. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024955

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  • Users may memorize better positive words when they are at the bottom of the screen and vice versa

    In a study conducted in 2014, researchers investigated how the fact that we often associate positive things with “up” and negative things with “down” can affect our ability to remember positive and negative words. In the primary task, 18 participants had to observe words displaying on the top or bottom of the screen before writing them down by memory. The analytical approach involved comparing proportions of words by valence and recall, in regards of location, as well as mean and standard error of recalls. Confounders like arousal and valence differences between words were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that positive words would be more easily memorized when presented on the bottom of the screen and vice versa (experiment 1), was supported by the results with a large (p. 2) effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    It is likely that placing negative words up and positive words down will result in a better memorization.

    Crawford, L. E., Cohn, S. M., & Kim, A. B. (2014). “Good is up” is not always better: a memory advantage for words in Metaphor-Incompatible locations. PLOS ONE, 9(9), e108269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108269

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  • Users may perceive numbers better when the small one is on the left of the screen and the large one on the right

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    In a study conducted in 1993, researchers investigated if our brains had a preferred direction for each number size (left or right for small or big numbers). In the primary task, 20 participants had to observe numbers displayed on a screen and indicate if those numbers were odd or even, using a left or right button that would vary each time. The analytical approach involved comparing interactions between each experimental variables in an ANOVA. Confounders like right-handed, domain of study (letters or science) were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that number magnitude would predict the left or right speed response, was supported by the results with a not found effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    It is likely that when displaying numbers, you will ease user perception by putting the small number to the left and the big number to the right, even if the big one is negative.

    Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122(3), 371–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.122.3.371

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  • You may influence eye direction of users by displaying big or small numbers on the screen

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    In a study conducted in 2016, researchers investigated how our attention and eyes react when we hear numbers. In the primary task, 17 participants had to fix the center of a screen while listening to small or large numbers, pressing a key when number 5 is prononced. The analytical approach involved comparing time-series data of eye positions when displaying small or large numbers. Confounders like right- or left-dominant eyes were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that the participants eyes would not maintain central fixation depending on the number they heard, was supported by the results with a not found effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    It is likely that showing users a small number will shift their attention to the left side of the screen space while large numbers may result in a shift to the right instead.

    Myachykov, A., Ellis, R., Cangelosi, A., & Fischer, M. H. (2016). Ocular drift along the mental number line. Psychological Research, 80(3), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0731-4

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  • Users may overestimate the brightness of positively valenced objects

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    In a study conducted in 2007, researchers investigated the link between positive and negative statements with bright and dark. In the primary task, 40 participants had to tell if a square was the bright one or the dark one after judging valence of positive or negative word that were displayed on a screen. Authors used temporary deception by telling participants that the square brightness would not be the same after each word, when it actually was. The analytical approach involved comparing mean percentage of light square responses for each word valence with a repeated-measures t test. Confounders like word frequency and color inherently associated with words were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that the displayed words would influence brightness perception, was supported by the results with a large (p. 368) effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    It is likely that the brightness of intrinsically good objects will be overestimated by the users perception.

    Meier, B. P., Robinson, M. D., Crawford, L. E., & Ahlvers, W. J. (2007). When “light” and “dark” thoughts become light and dark responses: Affect biases brightness judgments. Emotion, 7(2), 366–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.366

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  • Users may prefer to identify themselves with symmetrical shapes

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    In a study conducted in 2022, researchers investigated the link between symmetry and self-identification. In the primary task, 30 participants had to indicate whether a randomly generated, symmetrical or asymmetrical shape correctly matched the previously defined “YOU” or “STRANGER” label. The analytical approach involved comparing reaction times with a paired-sample one-tailed t-test, and ANOVAs for comparing between experimental conditions. Confounders like distance from the screen, background color were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that the shapes associated with the participants would be recognized more quickly when they were symmetrical, was supported by the results with a large (p. 10) effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    To virtually represent a user, use symmetrical shapes, and leave asymmetrical shapes to others, to reinforce positive affects.

    Vicovaro, M., Dalmaso, M., & Bertamini, M. (2022). Towards the boundaries of self-prioritization: Associating the self with asymmetric shapes disrupts the self-prioritization effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 48(9), 972–986. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001036

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  • Users may be more subject to misinformation when using non-native language

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    In a study conducted in 2023, researchers investigated how reading news in a native or foreign language impact the way we beleive it or not.. In the primary task, 300 participants had to read newstitles and judge if a news seemed more true or false. Authors used temporary deception by making half of the newstitles false. Newstitles were randomly displayed in the native or foreign language of the participant. The analytical approach involved comparing type of news, language of news, native or foreign language of participant (authors refer to a “linear mixed-effects analysis”). Confounders like perceived arousal of news and general English proficiency were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that fake news would be more beleived in foreign language than native language (and true news would be more beleived in native language than foreign language), was supported by the results with a not found effect size. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    When using their non-native language, users may be less critical of news content, making them more susceptible to misinformation.

    Muda, R., Pennycook, G., Hamerski, D., & Białek, M. (2023). People are worse at detecting fake news in their foreign language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000475

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  • Users may be more emotionally influenced by watching mouth expressions

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    In a study conducted in 2021, researchers investigated how people’s faces react to facial expressions in art. In the primary task, 47 participants had to watch various images depicting facial expressions, including faces rendered in different artistic styles—both realistic and abstract—along with varying levels of emotional intensity, while their own facial expressions were monitored using electrodes. The analytical approach involved comparing intensity of participants’ facial reactions across different facial muscles, comparing responses to realistic and nonrealistic images as well as the varying levels of emotional intensity portrayed in the images. Confounders like image classification and perceived emotion intensity were controled. Among other hypothesis, the primary hypothesis which posited that facial mimicry would happen to participants who are observing nonrealistic images as well as realistic, was supported by the results with a not found effect size. The authors suggest that participants mimicked mouth expressions most significantly. This overview provides a concise synthesis of the most relevant results. For more details, please refer to the article page.

    To use emotional contagion, mouth expressions are the strongest trigger. Emotional contagion can come from non-photographic faces like paintings and sculptings.

    Achour-Benallegue, A., Amarantini, D., Paubel, P.-V., Pelletier, J., & Kaminski, G. (2021). Facial reactions to face representations in art: An electromyography study. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000423

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